Britain and Iran have historically had a turbulent relationship, characterized by confusion and conflicting signals. [1] "There are just too many sore spots in our relations with the United Kingdom," remarked a Tehran-based analyst, asking not to be named. [2] At the beginning of World War II, Germany, Turkey, Great Britain, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) attempted to form alliances with Iran but were not successful. [3] Up to today, ties between the two countries remain unstable.
Historic and diplomatic relations
Throughout the 19th century, and right up to World War II, Britain and Russia were the dominant powers in Iran. In 1941 both Great Britain and the USSR occupied areas of the country to protect the oil fields from possible German seizure. The relationship between London and Tehran has remained complex. Britain and Iran have had enjoyed a long and close relationship in which there has been much mutual affection, respect - but also a fair degree of justifiable suspicion on the Iranian side. [4] Ultimately, the real limitations on Iran's sovereignty were exposed during the World War II when British and Allied forces intervened to establish a supply route across its territory to Iran’s former rival, the Soviet Union. [5]
The United Kingdom, together with the United States, sponsored a coup in 1953, overthrowing the nationalist government of Mohammed Mossadeq, who served as prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, and restoring the Shah to power. After the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini took power, Iran’s policy became more introspective, its prosperity declined, and its relations with the United Kingdom and other Western countries became strained. [6]
When Labour came to power in 1997, Britain adopted a policy of "critical engagement" with countries such as Iran and Libya. Iran's relations with most countries improved following the election of reformist President Mohammad Khatami in 1997. The UK and Iran exchanged ambassadors in 1999. [7] Relations improved considerably a year later when the Iranian government signalled that it would not actively pursue the fatwa issued by the late Ayatollah Khomeini against Salman Rushdie, the British novelist whose book, “Satanic Verses”, aroused great controversy in the Muslim world. [8]
Relations have also soured between Iran and the UK over the arrest of a former Iranian ambassador to Buenos Aires, Hade Soleimanpur, who is wanted in Argentina for the July 1994 car bombing of a Jewish community center that killed 85 in the Argentine capital. [9]
"Tehran has a very ambivalent relation with the United Kingdom," says Gary Saymore, director of studies at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London. "On the one hand, they hope that their relationship with the UK will help reduce American hostility", he said. "On the other hand, the UK is a 'little Satan,' seen as a potentially hostile ally of the United States.” [10]
Britain's relations with Iran took a sharp turn for the worse in February 2002 when the British Foreign Office announced that Tehran had "conclusively rejected" the appointment of a new ambassador, David Reddaway. Iran's objections to Reddaway first emerged in January 2002 in an Iranian newspaper, “Jomhuri Islami”, which described him as "a Jew who is an MI6 agent." [11]
The events of Sept. 11, 2001, created opportunities that must be grasped to forge better relations with such countries as Iran, British Prime Minister Tony Blair said in November 2001 during his annual speech on foreign policy. [12]
Iran has claimed that Britain interferes in its internal affairs and is the mastermind behind Arab separatism in its south-western province of Khuzestan. [13]
Britain and Iran were at a standoff over 15 seized sailors and marines after Iranian naval units detained eight British sailors and seven marines March 23, 2007. At the time, the British were on the lookout for smugglers near the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab, a waterway that has long been a disputed dividing line between Iraq and Iran. Britain said they were in Iraqi waters when detained, but Iran has contended the Britons entered its waters illegally. [14] After 12 days of being detained, Iran’s Ahmadinejad announced that he would release the British hostages. Tony Blair, Prime Minister at that time, welcomed the news, calling the crew's imminent freedom "a profound relief not just to them but to their families that have endured such distress and anxiety over these past 12 days." [15] The incident came at a time of renewed tensions with Iran over Tehran's nuclear programme.
Iran’s relations with Britain have since become much more strained. British commanders in southern Iraq have openly accused Iran of arming, training and funding Shia militias responsible for attacks on British forces. [16]
Economic relations
In 2007, direct UK exports of goods to Iran were valued at £400,3m (Euro 405,3m) (2006: £431m, Euro 543,2m). Iran is ranked as the UK’s seventh largest export market in the Middle East and North Africa region. [17]
Investigators have identified several British arms dealers trading with Tehran triggering alarm among government officials who fear Iran's nuclear programme may be receiving significant support from UK sources. The probe by customs officers suggests that at least seven Britons have been defying sanctions by doing trading with the Iranian air force, its Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and are even aiding the country's controversial nuclear programme. [18]
Royal Dutch Shell
On Jan. 29, 2007, Iran signed a preliminary agreement with Royal Dutch Shell and Spain´s Repsol to produce liquefied natural gas from its South Pars field in a deal worth some £5.1 bn. (Euro 6.3bn) [19]
Shell had planned to develop multi-billion dollar facilities to produce liquefied natural gas from the South Pars gas field so that it could be easily transported on ships for export. [20]
The oil company backtracked on the project in May 2008, but later voiced interest in exchanging its stakes in different Phases of the offshore gas field. [21]
Shell "will take political considerations into account" when it comes to make a final decision on Iran, but the company said it sees no reason to terminate discussions with Tehran, Chief executive of Shell, Jeroen van der Veer said. [22]
Shell, as with some other energy companies, faces a long-term struggle to replace oil reserves. Two years ago, in 2006, the company extracted almost twice as much oil as it found. Gas projects such as those on offer in Iran may therefore become increasingly important to the company. [23]
Britain on Iran's nuclear programme
On June 27, 2008, Britain’s Treasury warned businesses in the country that trade with companies in Iran or Pakistan could assist money laundering or terrorist financing. Treasury Minister Kitty Ussher said that British companies have been warned about the risks of business dealings with a host of countries, particularly in transactions with Iran. Ussher announced that Britain’s Financial Action Task Force has issued advice on states such as Iran and Pakistan and explained that those nations lack sufficient safeguards against terrorist financing and money laundering. [24]
The EU and the US have threatened Iran with further sanctions unless it verifiably suspends nuclear enrichment. The 5,000-word statement urged Tehran not to continue defying a demand from the UN Security Council to stop the enrichment of uranium as part of its nuclear programme. The UN Security Council has approved three rounds of sanctions against Iran. These include asset restrictions and travel bans on Iranian individuals and companies said to be involved in nuclear work. The sanctions also ban the sale to Iran of so-called dual-use items, materials and technologies that can have either a military or civilian purpose. [25]
The UK-based Barclay’s Bank has already responded to the pressure coming from the EU and the US and has ended all dealings with Iran's Saderat Bank and Bank Melli. [26]
In April 2008, Prime Minister Gordon Brown said, "Iran continues to defy the will of the international community. And we are agreed on the need to strengthen the sanctions regime and ensure that these sanctions are effectively implemented." [27]
Britain will push for a worldwide ban on foreign investment in Iran's oil and gas industry and other financial sanctions unless two reports due this month show that it is ready to abandon efforts to acquire nuclear weapons, according to Brown. In a speech outlining his government's foreign policy agenda, Brown said on Nov. 12, 2007, that Iran posed "the greatest immediate challenge" to the effort to curb the spread of nuclear weapons. He warned Iran that "it has a choice: confrontation with the international community leading to a tightening of sanctions, or, if it changes its approach and ends its support for terrorism, a transformed relationship with the world." [28]
Britain has been at the forefront of calls by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for Iran to fully respond to concerns about its nuclear programme. [29]
The United State’s recent National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Iran played down any early threat of an Iranian nuclear weapon. It assessed "with high confidence" that Iran did have a nuclear weapons programme until 2003, which has since been discovered and halted. On March 5, 2008, a senior British diplomat said: "Many of us were surprised by how emphatic the writers [of the NIE] were... I haven't seen any intelligence that gives me even medium confidence that these programmes haven't resumed." [30]
On March 5, 2008, the British government said Tehran could still be developing a nuclear weapon. [31]
References:
[1] „Downturn in British-Iran relations is par fort he course,“ Agence France Presse, September 16, 2003, http://www.spacewar.com/2003/030916170041.c4l7g0h6.html
[2] Sanati, Kimia: „Iran-UK relations benighted, again,“ Asia Times Online, June 26, 2007, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/IF26Ak01.html
[3] http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/Iran20Century.html
[4] Blow, David: „Iran´s love-hate relationship with the UK,“ BBC Online, September 29, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1567302.stm
[5] http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmfaff/80/8005.htm#note14
[6] Ibid.
[7] Foreign and Commonwealth Office: https://fco-stage.fco.gov.uk/content/en/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/fco_cp_iran?profile=intRelations&pg=4 (last reviewed May 7, 2008)
[8] Whitaker, Brian: „Iran rejects ambassador as ´M16 agent´,“ The Guardian, February 8, 2002, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/feb/08/iran.politics
[9] „Downturn in British-Iran relations is par fort he course,“ Agence France Presse, September 16, 2003, http://www.spacewar.com/2003/030916170041.c4l7g0h6.html
[10] Ibid.
[11] Whitaker, Brian: „Iran rejects ambassador as ´M16 agent´,“ The Guardian, February 8, 2002, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/feb/08/iran.politics
[12] „Year of conflicting signals in UK-Iran relations,“ Payvand News, March 16, 2002, http://www.payvand.com/news/02/mar/1055.html
[13] Sanati, Kimia: „Iran-UK relations benighted, again,“ Asia Times Online, June 26, 2007, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/IF26Ak01.html
[14] „Iran protest targets Brit Embassy,“ Associated Press, April 1, 2007, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-04/01/content_841136.htm
[15] Beeston, Richard; Bone, James: “Hostage fears over troops seized by Iran,” Times Online, March 24, 2007, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1560788.ece
[16] Ibid.
[17] UK Trade and Investment: https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=/iran
[18] Townsend, Mark: „British dealers supply arms to Iran,“ The Observer, April 20, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/20/armstrade.iran
[19] Hotten, Russel: „Shell deal in Iran faces US sanctions,“ The Telegraph, January 30, 2007, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/01/30/cnshell30.xml
[20] „Royal Dutch Shell: Iran´s Pars Gas Likely for Domestic Use,“ PressTV, May 20, 2008, http://memrieconomicblog.org/bin/content.cgi?news=2314
[21] Ibid.
[22] Hotten, Russel: „Shell risks Iran backlash,“ The Telegraph, April 6, 2007, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/04/06/cnshell06.xml
[23] Ibid.
[24] „Britain`s Treasury warns companies on Iran trade,“ Associated Press, June 27, 2008, http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2008/06/27/britains_treasury_warns_companies_on_iran_trade/
[25] „US and Europe issue new Iran warning,“ BBC Online, June 1, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7445370.stm
[26] Ibid.
[27] „Brown seeks to tighten sanctions on Iran,“ Reuters, April 18, 2008, http://www.france24.com/en/20080418-brown-seeks-tighten-sanctions-iran-united-kingdom-usa
[28] Burns, John F.: „Britain ´will lead´against Iran, Brown says,“ International Herald Tribune, November 13, 2007, http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/13/africa/britain.php?WT.mc_id=rssfrontpage
[29] „Downturn in British-Iran relations is par fort he course,“ Agence France Presse, September 16, 2003, http://www.spacewar.com/2003/030916170041.c4l7g0h6.html
[30] „Q&A: Iran and the nuclear issue,“ BBC Online, June 10, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4031603.stm
[31] Borger, Julian: „UK fears Iran still working on nuclear weapon,“ The Guardian, March 6, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/06/iran.foreignpolicy
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