The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the new
Commander-in-Chief Major-General Mohammad Ali Jafari, from Insight Into Today's Middle East
On October 25, 2007, the
Bush administration imposes new sanctions against Iran aimed at the Islamic
Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Quds Force. The sanctions will
empower the United States to financially isolate a large part of Iran's military
and anyone inside or outside Iran who does business with it. Such steps could
impact any number of foreign companies by pressuring them to stop doing business
with the Revolutionary Guards or risk U.S. sanctions. [1]
The IRGC is accused of
proliferating weapons of mass destruction, the IRGC´s elite Quds Force and the
IRGC´s foreign operations branch and is now designated as a supporter of
terrorism. It is the harshest programme of sanctions on Iran since the Islamic
Republic´s revolution of 1979.
Secretary of State, Condoleezza
Rice, announced that 22 Iranian Government agencies and three state-owned banks
are being blacklisted, in an attempt to punish Iran for refusing to stop
enriching uranium. [2] The banks targeted Thursday were
Bank Melli and Bank Mellat, accused of providing banking
services for Iran's nuclear agencies, and Bank Saderat, which allegedly
funnels funds to Islamist organizations such as Hezbollah and Hamas. [3]
The Quds Force runs Tehran's
covert activities throughout the Middle East, though its existence has never
been officially acknowledged.
The Revolutionary Guards force
was set up shortly after the 1979 Iranian revolution to defend the country's
Islamic system, and to provide a counterweight to the regular armed forces. It
has since become the dominant military force in Iran, with past members
including President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and a number of his cabinet
ministers. [4] The IRGC, the most powerful wing of Iran's
military, controls construction companies, pharmaceutical plants, and segments
of the oil industry. [5]
On September 1st, 2007,
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Kahmenei, Iran´s highest authority, replaced the
commander of the Revolutionary Guards. Mohammad Ali Jafari, who has
been a commander in the Guards, is the new successor of Guards
commander-in-chief Yahya Rahim Safavi.
Mohammad Ali Jafari said on
September 29, 2007, that the "main responsibility" of the corps now is to
counter "internal threats." He added that the IRGC will confront any threat that
might undermine the achievements of the Islamic republic. He also said that the
all-volunteer Basij militia will fall under the IRGC's command. The
Basij has reportedly been involved in a number of attacks on students and
intellectuals. Jafari said those forces will adapt to meet current threats.
Jafari said the threats against Iran have become increasingly complex, adding
that, "We don't have the right to remain silent." [6]
The Basij ("volunteers"), a
"people's militia" organized in 1980, came under IRGC control in the 1980s to
monitor citizens' activities and to arrest and harass women who did not adhere
to the strict Islamic dress code laid down by the regime.
The mass
movement created by Khomeini in 1979 and militarized after the war started in
order to supplement his beleaguered army. The Basij Mostazafan - or
"mobilization of the oppressed" - was essentially a volunteer militia, most of
whose members were not yet 18. Since Ahmadinejad became president, the influence
of the Basij has grown. At the end of July 2005, the Basij movement announced
plans to increase its membership from ten million to 15 million by 2010. [7]
Mohammad Ali Jafari joined the
Basiji volunteer militia during Iran's 1980-88 war with Iraq and, in 1981,
became a member of the IRGC. [8]
He was born in 1957 in the Iranian city
of Yazd, where he finished his secondary school education. He entered Tehran
University in 1977, studying architecture and becoming active in student
politics. On November 4, 1979, he was among the students who stormed the U.S.
embassy in Tehran, triggering a hostage crisis that lasted 444 days.
[9]
In 1990 he became commander of
all IRGC ground forces. [10] In the summer of 2005 Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali
Khamenei chose Jafari to establish and direct a strategic research centre for
the IRGC. In this capacity, Jafari established the "Lovers of Martyrdom
Garrison," which recruited volunteers to participate in suicide operations
against Western targets. "The lovers of Martyrdom Garrison has been activated
and we will form a martyrdom-seeking division for each province in the country,
organised in brigades, battalions and companies to defend Islam," Jafari said in
a July 2005 interview with the Iranian weekly, Parto-Sokhan. "One of our
garrison's aims is to spot martyrdom-seeking individuals in society and then
recruit and organise them, so that, God willing, at the right moment when the
Commander in Chief of the country's armed forces (Ayatollah Khamenei) gives the
order, they would be able to enter the scene and carry out their
missions."
Jafari concluded, "Let America
and Israel know, each of our suicide volunteers equals a nuclear bomb. The
United States should know that we have nuclear weapons, but they are in the
hearts of suicide bombers." [11]
In September 2005 Ayatollah
Khamenei appointed Jafari as director of the Supreme National Security Council's
directorate for internal security. [12] Khamenei, later put
him in charge of Iran's operations against U.S. forces in Iraq.
In early
2007 U.S. forces almost captured Jafari in Iraqi territory when they grabbed
five members of his company who they believed were carrying out clandestine
activities for the Iranian regime.
Jafari said, "The Guard Corps
stand by the side of the people and it is at their service for reconstruction of
the country and establishment of national unity and Islamic solidarity." [13]
When he came to power in the
Islamic Revolution of 1979, the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei identified leading
military personnel loyal to the Shah and had them arrested, tried and executed.
Khomeini did not eliminate Iran's regular armed forces but instead created the
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), or Pasdaran e-Inqilib, as the
guardians of the revolution. The new Islamic Republic's constitution entrusted
the defence of the nation to the military, and the preservation of the Islamic
Revolution, specifically assisting the ruling clerics in their enforcement of
the government's new Islamic codes and morality, to the IRGC. [14]
The United States is set to
officially blacklist the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps by listing it as a
terrorist organisation, US officials said on August 15, 2007. So far, only an
"in principle" decision to name elements of the IRGC a "specially designated
global terrorist" group has been made. [15]
Khomeini's
establishment of the Revolutionary Guard by decree on May 5, 1979, served notice
both to the population and the armed forces that Khomeini's regime had its own
protectorate and intended to bring a new order to the country. In the 1980s the
IRGC had it own army and evolved to become one of the most powerful bodies
within Iran's government. It developed its own intelligence organisation
operating both in Iran and abroad and began to exert a strong influence over
government policy. By 1986 the IRGC comprised 350,000 personnel organised into
battalion-size units that operated either independently or with units of regular
forces and including elements within the navy and air force.
The IRGC's Qods force is
responsible for overseas operations, including training Islamic fundamentalist
terrorist groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic
Jihad. Qods is also responsible for gathering intelligence information for
planning terrorist attacks. Qods personnel are also assigned to Iranian
diplomatic missions.
IRGC operatives have supported
Hezbollah's overseas branches in Iraq, Kurdistan, Jordan, and the Palestinian
Territories. They have also been known to support operatives in Egypt, Turkey
and Chechnya. [16]
IRGC special units provided
laser-guided missiles and deployment training to Hezbollah, which then used
these missiles to sink an Israeli warship during last year's hostilities in
Lebanon. It was an IRGC naval unit that kidnapped Britain's 15 Royal Marines and
sailors off Iraqi coastal waters.
The IRGC has also equipped
Iraqi insurgent groups with roadside bombs and rockets that are used against
British and coalition troops in Iraq.
The IRGC has also created a
secret intelligence infrastructure and created ghost offshore companies that
have given the regime the opportunity to enrich uranium to enable Iran to become
a nuclear power.
In 2006, the Guards won a
contract worth 2.09 billion dollars to develop phases 15 and 16 of Iran's
biggest gas field, South Pars, and a 1.3 billion dollar deal to build a
pipeline towards Pakistan. [17]
The IRGC controls vast numbers
of businesses and financial conglomerates, establishing hundreds of front
companies in Europe, the Middle East and southeast Asia that have allowed the
regime to dodge the U.S. government's arms embargo and export controls on Iran.
IRGC-owned companies have muscled into $10 billion in contracts to develop
Iran's aging oil and gas fields. IRGC operatives also run Iran's multi billion
dollar gasoline and cigarette smuggling trade. [18]
According to a report in the
UK's Daily Telegraph, the Iranian government runs a network of covert
nuclear research laboratories at a secret military base outside Tehran. The
purpose of the project, code named Zirzamin 27, is to allow the
Iranians to undertake uranium enrichment to a military standard. The operation
is widely believed to be run by the IRGC under the leadership of Mohsen
Fakhrizadeh, the head of Iran's Modern Defensive Readiness and
Technology Centre, a top-secret military research site. [19]
The nature of the Islamic
Republic is changing from a system governed by the Shiite clergy and guarded by
the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps into a regime dominated by the military.
As current and former IRGC members infiltrate most centers of power, and as the
IRGC itself develops into a business conglomerate independent of state
regulation, the Islamic Republic increasingly resembles other military regimes:
a military-industrial complex hiding behind a civilian façade. [20]
The IRGC supports a global
terrorism network, supplying arms, training and financing to Islamic terrorist
organisations, and also works domestically within the regime through the using
brute force and terror against the Iranian people to ensure they comply with
Islamic laws and the Ayatollahs' decrees.
[1] "US imposes
new sanctions on Iran," Reuters, October 25, 2007, http://www.reuters.com/article/inPlayBriefing/idUSIN20071025090613OPENX20071025
[2] Byers, David: "US imposes toughest sanctions on Iran since 1979,"
Times Online, October 25, 2007, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article2739711.ece
[3] "US ups nuclear tensions with new Iran sanctions," Agence
France Presse, October 25, 2007, http://www.afp.com/english/news/stories/071025153513.993b9asg.html
[4] "US imposes new sanctions on Iran," BBC Online, October
25, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7061991.stm
[5] "US ups nuclear tensions with new Iran sanctions," Agence
France Presse, October 25, 2007, http://www.afp.com/english/news/stories/071025153513.993b9asg.html
[6] Esfandiari, Golnaz: "Warnings hint at a greater IRGC role in
Muzzling critics," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 8, 2007,
Volume 10, Number 37, http://www.rferl.org/reports/FullReport.aspx?report=571&id=2007/10/571-10-37
[7] Küntzel, Matthias: "Ahmadinejad´s Demons," The New
Republic, April 24, 2006
[8] Vahid Sepehri, "Iran New
Commander Takes over Revolutionary Guards," Radio Free Europe/Radio
Liberty, September 4, 2007.
[9] Maziar Radmanesh, "Calm
or Storm Under Commander Jafari,?" Rooz, September 5, 2007, http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2007/09/calm_or_storm_under_commander.html
[10] Ibid.
[11] "Islamist Clerical Regime
Opens Garrison to Recruit Suicide Bombers Against West," Iran Focus,
July 22, 2005, http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2944
[12] "Photos of the New Commander of Iran's Revolutionary Guards,"
Iran Focus, September 1, 2007,
.http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=12277
[13] Dareini, Ali Akbar: "Iran Labels CIA 'Terrorist
Organization,'" Associated Press, September 29, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-6958736,00.html
[14] "Iran Special and Irregular Armed Forces," Library of
Congress Country Studies, December 1987, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0167
[15] Orr, James: "US set to declare Iranian Revolutionary Guard a
terrorist group," The Guardian Online, August 15, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/story/0,,2149187,00.html
[16] "Qods (Jerusalem) Force Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps,"
GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/iran/qods.htm
[17] "Iran´s Revolutionary Guards: more than an army," Agence
France Presse, October 25, 2007, http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=middleeast&xfile=data/middleeast/2007/october/middleeast_october360.xml
[18] Khalid, Matein: "War, Diplomacy and Iran's Revolutionary
Guards," Khaleej Times, October 3, 2007, http://www.trueblueliberal.com/2007/10/03/war-diplomacy-and-iran's-revolutionary-guards/
[19] Con Coughlin: "Iran accused of hiding secret nuclear weapons
site," Daily Telegraph, June 13, 2006, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/06/12/wiran12.xml
[20] Alfoneh, Ali: "How Interwined Are the Revolutionary Guards in
Iran´s Economy?," American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy
Research, October 22, 2007, http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.26991,filter.all/pub_detail.asp
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